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Clinical Studies
References
A vitamin which maintains energy levels and supports brain function (memory). Vitamin B1 aids in digestion. It is necessary for the metabolism of sugar and starch to provide energy and it maintains a healthy nervous system. Alcohol can cause deficiencies of this vitamin and all the B-complex vitamins. Deficiency may cause decreased appetite, vision disturbances, unsteadiness, confusion, loss of memory, fatigue and tachycardia.
Published Clinical Studiesclin
Reversal of thiamine deficiency-induced neurodegeneration.1
Ke ZJ, DeGiorgio LA, Volpe BT, Gibson GE.
Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University at Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, USA.
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by abnormalities in oxidative processes, region-selective neuron loss, and diminished thiamine-dependent enzymes. Thiamine deficiency (TD) diminishes thiamine dependent enzymes, alters mitochondrial function, impairs oxidative metabolism, and causes selective neuronal death. In mice, the time course of TD-induced changes in neurons and microglia were determined in the brain region most sensitive to TD. Significant neuron loss (29%) occurred after 8 or 9 days of TD (TD8-9) and increased to 90% neuron loss by TD10-11. The number of microglia increased 16% by TD8 and by nearly 400% on TD11. Hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1)-positive microglia were not detectable at TD8, yet increased dramatically coincident with neuron loss. To test the duration of TD critical for irrevocable changes, mice received thiamine after various durations of TD. Thiamine administration on TD8 blocked further neuronal loss and induction of HO-1-positive microglia, whereas other microglial changes persisted. Thiamine only partially reversed effects on TD9, and was ineffective on TD10-11. These studies indicate that irreversible steps leading to neuronal death and induction of HO-1-positive microglia occur on TD9. The results indicate that TD induces alterations in neurons. endothelial cells, and microglia contemporaneously. This model provides a unique paradigm for elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in neuronal commitment to neuronal death cascades and contributory microglial activity.
PMID: 12578229 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Micronutrients and laryngeal cancer risk in Italy and Switzerland: a case-control study.2
Bidoli E, Bosetti C, La Vecchia C, Levi F, Parpinel M, Talamini R, Negri E, Maso LD, Franceschi S.
Servizio di Epidemiologia, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy. epidemiology@cro.it
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relation between various micronutrients and laryngeal cancer risk. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in Italy and Switzerland between 1992 and 2000. Cases were 527 patients with incident cancer of larynx, admitted to the major teaching and general hospitals of the study areas. Controls were 1297 subjects admitted for acute, non-neoplastic diseases to the same network of hospitals. Dietary habits were assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Significant inverse relations emerged between laryngeal cancer risk and intake of vitamin C (OR = 0.2, for the highest versus the lowest intake quintile; 95% CI: 0.2-0.4), beta-carotene (OR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.2-0.4), alpha-carotene (OR = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.2-0.5), lutein/zeaxanthin (OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.3-0.6), vitamin E (OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.3-0.6), beta-criptoxanthin (OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.5), folic acid (OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.6), thiamin (OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.3-0.6), glutathione (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.4-0.8), reduced glutathione (OR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4-0.8), vitamin B6 (OR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4-0.9) and potassium (OR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4-0.9). Direct associations were found with zinc (OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0-2.2) and vitamin D (OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.6). Combining low intakes of vitamin C, carotene, vitamin E, and folate with heavy smoking and drinking led to ORs between 80 and 170. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides further support that, independently from smoking and alcohol consumption, the intake of several micronutrients, including selected antioxidants, is inversely related to laryngeal cancer risk.
PMID: 12946043 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Multiple vitamin status in Crohn's disease. Correlation with disease activity.3
Kuroki F, Iida M, Tominaga M, Matsumoto T, Hirakawa K, Sugiyama S, Fujishima M.
Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
We measured serum, blood, or red cell concentrations of various vitamins in 24 patients with Crohn's disease who had been free from any nutritional treatment, and compared them with those in 24 healthy controls. Twelve of the patients were affected in the small bowel only, two in the large bowel only, and the remaining 10 in both the small and large bowel. The fat-soluble vitamins A and E were significantly decreased in patients with Crohn's disease compared to controls. Among the water-soluble vitamins, vitamins B1, B2 and B6 and folic acid were more depleted in patients with Crohn's disease than in the controls, whereas vitamins B12 and C, nicotinic acid, and biotin were not different between the two groups, and pantothenic acid was increased in patients with Crohn's disease. In addition, vitamin B2 and nicotinic acid showed a negative correlation with the Crohn's disease activity index. These findings suggest that there is a variety of vitamin deficiencies in Crohn's disease prior to treatment and also that concentrations of some vitamins, such as vitamin B2 and nicotinic acid, may reflect the severity of the disease.
PMID: 8359072 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
4
Marginal dietary thiamin deficiency induces the formation of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rats.
Bruce WR, Furrer R, Shangari N, O'Brien PJ, Medline A, Wang Y.
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, Ont. M5S 3E2, Canada. wr.bruce@utoronto.ca
Thiamin deficiency leads to the endogenous formation of genotoxic alpha-oxoaldehydes (glyoxals). To evaluate whether marginal deficiency poses a carcinogenesis risk we fed rats AIN-76A sucrose-based diets containing thiamin at 4.9 (control), 1.6 or 1.0 mg/kg diet and examined their colons after 160 days. Reduced thiamin increased aberrant crypt foci (ACF) from 1.14+/-0.46 to 3.70+/-1.17 and 2.60+/-1.02 ACF/colon in the absence of exogenous carcinogen or of symptoms of beriberi. Since typical Western diets can provide marginal levels of thiamin with high levels of simple sugars, individuals could be exposed to an increased risk of colon and perhaps other cancers.
PMID: 14643441 [PubMed - in process]
5
Diet and premalignant lesions of the cervix: evidence of a protective role for folate, riboflavin, thiamin, and vitamin B12.
Hernandez BY, McDuffie K, Wilkens LR, Kamemoto L, Goodman MT.
Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, 1236 Lauhala Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA. brenda@crch.hawaii.edu
OBJECTIVE: A case-control study was conducted among a population of multiethnic women identified from clinics on Oahu, Hawaii between 1992 and 1996 to explore the relationship between diet and cervical dysplasia. METHODS: Two-hundred and fourteen women with biopsy-confirmed high and low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix (SIL) and 271 controls were identified. Exfoliated cervical cells were collected for HPV DNA testing. Surveys were administered to assess non-dietary risk factors and intake of nutrients from over 250 specific food items as well as nutritional supplements. RESULTS: Riboflavin and thiamin from food sources, vitamin B12 supplements, and total (food and supplements) folate displayed inverse, dose-responsive associations with high-grade SIL (HSIL). Riboflavin from food sources and total folate also demonstrated inverse, dose-responsive associations with low-grade SIL (LSIL). The odds ratios for LSIL and HSIL were reduced by 50-90% for the highest compared to the lowest levels of intake of these nutrients. A number of major food sources of these vitamins, including all types of breads, bran cereal, and fruit juice, also demonstrated inverse associations with HSIL. There was some evidence that the increased risk of HSIL associated with low nutrient intake was most pronounced among drinkers and smokers. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation provides evidence that thiamin, riboflavin, folate, and vitamin B12 may play a protective role in cervical carcinogenesis.
PMID: 14682443 [PubMed - in process]
6
[Connection between changing the vitamin and immune status and the character of the throat microflora in patients with chronic tonsillitis]
Aleszczyk J.
Katedra Otolaryngologii Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Grodnie, Bialorus.
The author investigated 28 patients with chronic tonsillitis. The fungi sort Candida on the tonsils was discovered at 10 (35.72) patients, the bacterial flora was discovered at the other patients. There were more considerable decrease content of vitamins B2, C, methylnicotinamide and methylmalonic acid in the urine, vitamins B2 and methylnicotinamide in the saliva, vitamins A and B1 in the serum of the blood in the group of the patients with the fungus flora on the tonsils. It was discovered the decrease of numbers of lymphocytes CD8 and level of immunoglobulins G and M, disimmunoglobulinemia in this group. This decrease of the vitamins, cell and humoral immunity level leads to disbacteriosis, decompensation of the disease and development of the complications.
PMID: 12894427 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Thiamin status, diuretic medications, and the management of congestive heart failure.7
Brady JA, Rock CL, Horneffer MR.
McAuley Health System, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of thiamin deficiency in patients with congestive heart failure who are treated with diuretics that inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (loop diuretic therapy). DESIGN: A cross-sectional investigation of thiamin status of consecutive patients with congestive heart failure being treated with loop diuretic therapy. SETTING: Cardiology clinic of a midwestern tertiary-care medical center. SUBJECTS: Thirty-eight patients were recruited (mean age +/- standard deviation = 55 +/- 14 years). Validation of methodology was conducted with nine age-matched control subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Thiamin status was assessed biochemically by in vitro erythrocyte transketolase activity assay. Assessment of dietary intake of thiamin was accomplished with a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Fisher's exact test and logistic regression were used to evaluate relationships between thiamin status and variables of interest. RESULTS: Biochemical evidence of thiamin deficiency was found in 8 of 38 (21%) patients. Evidence of risk for dietary thiamin inadequacy was found in 10 of 38 patients (25%). Seven of the 8 patients with biochemical evidence of thiamin deficiency met study criteria for dietary adequacy, although quantified data suggested that only 4 of the patients achieved two thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowance. Biochemical evidence of thiamin deficiency tended to be more common among patients with poor left ventricular ejection fractions (P = .07). CONCLUSIONS: Thiamin deficiency may occur in a substantial proportion of patients with congestive heart failure, and dietary inadequacy may contribute to increased risk.
PMID: 7722187 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[Is thiamine supplementation necessary in patient with cardiac insufficiency?]8
Blanc P, Boussuges A.
Service de reanimation polyvalente, service de cardiologie, CHD Felix Guyon, 97405 Saint-Denis, La Reunion, France. ph-blanc@chd-fguyon.fr
Interest has recently risen regarding thiamine deficiency in patients with cardiac deficiency who are receiving long-term diuretic therapy. Thiamine deficiency can lead biventricular myocardial failure (cardiac beriberi), and treatment consists of thiamine administration. Studies have shown that long-term furosemide use may be associated with thiamine deficiency through urinary loss, contributing to cardiac insufficiency in patients with congestive heart failure. Thiamine supplementation could improved left ventricular function. However, the results of those studies are controversial, and none study have till proved the clinical impact of a systematic administration of thiamine in a cohort of patients with cardiac insufficiency. To date, and waiting for available literature, thiamine administration should be consider in patients at risk for thiamine deficiency (elderly, malnourished, alcoholic), and in patients receiving very large doses of diuretics.
Publication Types:
PMID: 12555508 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Vitamin B1 blocks damage caused by hyperglycemia.9
Obrenovich ME, Monnier VM.
Department of Pathology at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. vmm3@po.cwru.edu
Diabetes accelerates the aging process and leads to complications that include blindness, renal failure, nerve damage, stroke, and cardiovascular disease. It has been hypothesized that high plasma glucose concentrations are responsible for increased mitochondrial free radical production and subsequent inactivation of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in vascular endothelial cells and other cells implicated in these complications. As a result of the decreased ability of GAPDH to process upstream metabolites, three pathways of metabolic damage are activated, which include the advanced glycation end-product formation pathway, the protein kinase C pathway, and the hexosamine pathway. All three pathways have been implicated in abnormal cell signaling in diabetes. A group of German and U.S. scientists has now found that treating diabetic rats with high doses of benfotiamine, a lipid-soluble form of vitamin B1, can prevent diabetic retinopathy and all three forms of metabolic damage by stimulating transketolase activity and thus diverting excess metabolites toward the pentose pathway. Although vitamin B1 is available over the counter, the researchers at this time do not advocate self-treatment without further clinical data.
PMID: 12844520 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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