D-Limonene Oil

 



References


D-limonene is a natural compound in orange peel oil.  It is a naturally occurring solvent which helps to successfully dissolve cholesterol gallstones. It has also been shown to reduce cholesterol in a manner similar to tocotrienols.

Additionally it is used to treat cancer, as it is a cyclic monoterpene that induces apoptosis in certain cancer cells. D-Limonene and its metabolites may inhibit tumor growth. Animal studies show activity of D-limonene against breast cancer, pancreatic, stomach, colon, skin and liver cancers. Data also indicates that D-limonene slows the promotion/progression stage of carcinogen-induced tumors in rats.

 

 

Referencesre

  1. Vigushin DM, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of d-limonene in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1998;42:111-7.
  2. Hardcastle IR, et al. Inhibition of protein prenylation by metabolites of limonene. Biochem Pharmacol 1999;57:801-9.
  3. Belanger JT. Perillyl alcohol: applications in oncology. Altern Med Rev 1998;3:448-57.
  4. Hudes GR, et al. Phase I pharmacokinetic trial of perillyl alcohol (NSC 641066) in patients with refractory solid malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:3071-80.
  5. Ripple GH. Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of perillyl alcohol administered four times a day. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:390-6.
  6. Reddy BS, et al. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by dietary perillyl alcohol. Cancer Res 1997;57:420-5.
  7. Low-Baselli A, et al. Failure to demonstrate chemoprevention by the monoterpene perillyl alcohol during early rat hepatocarcinogenesis: a cautionary note. Carcinogenesis 2000;21:1869-77.
  8. Kaji I, et al. Inhibition by d-limonene of experimental hepatocarcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley rats does not involve p21(ras) plasma membrane association. Int J Cancer 2001;93:441-4.
  9. Uedo N, et al. Inhibition by d-limonene of gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Wistar rats. Cancer Lett 1999;137:131-6.
  10. Crowell PL, et al. Human metabolism of the experimental cancer therapeutic agent d-limonene. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994;35:31-7.
  11. Asamoto M, et al. Mammary carcinomas induced in human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene transgenic rats are estrogen-independent, but responsive to d-limonene treatment. Jpn J Cancer Res 2002;93:32-5.